China is the world's second largest economy after the United States. It is the world's fastest-growing major economy, with average growth rates of 10% for the past 30 years. China is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods in the world. China became the world's top manufacturer in 2011, surpassing the United States. For 2010, inbound foreign direct investment into China surpassed $100bn for the first time, and investment overseas by Chinese companies in non-financial sectors totaled $59 billion.
Chinese per capita GDP (PPP) is $7,518 (IMF, 93rd in the world) in 2010. The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while regions in the hinterland are less developed. As China's economic importance has grown, so has attention to the structure and health of that economy.
Many commentators claim that the private sector dominates the Chinese economy. Unfortunately, the private sector hardly dominates the Chinese economy. If anything does, it's the state again. Derek Scissors points out there have been important changes in the state sector. It has shrunk and operates very differently than it did just 15 years ago. During the 1990s, state assets were sold off, sometimes replaced by genuinely private firms.
Scissors notes privatization met serious political opposition. In response, during the 2000s, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were instead converted into shareholding entities, many of which sold stock in Shanghai, Hong Kong or elsewhere. These shareholding firms took on some characteristics of true commercial businesses.
Those seeing a dominant private sector often mix up such shareholding firms with private firms. Neither specifying shareholders nor selling stock necessarily alters the fact of state control. The large majority of firms listed on domestic stock markets are state-owned.
Scissors asserts that restructuring was specifically crafted to change SOEs while steering far clear of privatization. This goal was driven home earlier this year by Wu Bangguo, second in the Communist Party hierarchy, who scorned privatization as almost as unacceptable as another party holding office.
Using official Chinese data, the state share of investment in 2010 was 38%, suggesting to some that the private share was 62%. False. What the PRC calls the private sector, plus wholly foreign-owned firms, generated only 24% of investment. The remainder is attributable to mixed ownership.
The vast majority of these mixed firms are designated as limited liability corporations. The term implies privatization, but the subcategories — wholly state-owned and non-wholly state-owned — indicate that the incorporation has not automatically ended state ownership.
Scissors points out SOEs enjoy some amazing advantages over truly private firms. In 2006, China's Cabinet identified sectors where the state must lead, a powerful guarantee. Included were power, telecom and aviation. And in practice, the state dominates many other sectors, including banking, railways and media.
There are other perks as well. SOEs have immediate call on land, while some private firms cannot buy at any price. SOEs receive state bank loans with no borrowing costs and possibly voluntary repayment. Party cadres routinely shuttle between government posts and SOEs, ensuring top-level political access. As it turns out, the largest firms receiving these benefits — e.g., Sinopec and Bank of China — are limited liability corporations. These are far better classified as state-owned than as private.
Profit data reported by SOEs are unreliable, but the money seems to be rolling in. China National Petroleum and China Mobile together claim profits greater than those of the top 500 private firms combined. State entities make 95% of investments in outside bonds. SOEs were pruned back before, and it could happen again. But it wouldn't be easy, because SOEs can now strongly oppose such a move.
Some SOEs have become gigantic. Top banks, telecoms and oil companies rank among the world's largest. They provide the government with much of its revenue, and generate massive employment — the explicit state share of urban employment is well over half. They are also run by high-level party cadres or their children. No wonder the foreign share of investment in China has plummeted. In most sectors, the Chinese market is only what's left after the SOEs take the bulk. Subsidies for SOEs are far larger barriers to American goods than the notorious currency peg.
Scissors points out the policy challenge facing Washington and Brussels is that China's overinvestment and underconsumption help cause bilateral imbalances. The PRC touts rebalancing in the new five-year plan, just as it has done since 2004. But matters have only worsened, and for a reason: rebalancing would undermine SOEs. The PRC overinvests to ensure that SOEs remain dominant, despite their inefficiency. To pay for that overinvestment, consumption is taxed through controlled interest rates and by suppressing competition. To rebalance, Beijing will have to curb SOEs. That would be in the interests of foreign investors. But it would be stridently opposed among China's ruling elite. For now, private-sector dominance of China's economy is a fiction.
China now tries to dominate the Fourth Reich(EU)market through Greece. Chinese officials love Premier Papandreou of Greece, who is also the President of Socialist International. Greek assets are now sold at bargain prices, because Greece will go for bankruptcy soon. China can easily buy most Greek assets. China has already bought the Port of Piraeus, a strategic investment for the transportation of Chinese goods to Fourth Reich.
Chinese can easily manipulate Graecokleptocrats with kickbacks! The impunity of the 300 Graecokleptocrats of the Grand Brothel on Syntagma Square is the most freakish thing on Earth. Even though they looted many billion euros in kickbacks and churning, not a single Graecokleptocrat has ever gone to jail! They are protected by the parliamentary immunity, and nobody can touch them, no matter what. Moreover, they have the nerve to jail dissident bloggers. It's a long way from the 300 Spartans of Leonidas! Allons enfants de la Grece!
Chinese per capita GDP (PPP) is $7,518 (IMF, 93rd in the world) in 2010. The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while regions in the hinterland are less developed. As China's economic importance has grown, so has attention to the structure and health of that economy.
Many commentators claim that the private sector dominates the Chinese economy. Unfortunately, the private sector hardly dominates the Chinese economy. If anything does, it's the state again. Derek Scissors points out there have been important changes in the state sector. It has shrunk and operates very differently than it did just 15 years ago. During the 1990s, state assets were sold off, sometimes replaced by genuinely private firms.
Scissors notes privatization met serious political opposition. In response, during the 2000s, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were instead converted into shareholding entities, many of which sold stock in Shanghai, Hong Kong or elsewhere. These shareholding firms took on some characteristics of true commercial businesses.
Those seeing a dominant private sector often mix up such shareholding firms with private firms. Neither specifying shareholders nor selling stock necessarily alters the fact of state control. The large majority of firms listed on domestic stock markets are state-owned.
Scissors asserts that restructuring was specifically crafted to change SOEs while steering far clear of privatization. This goal was driven home earlier this year by Wu Bangguo, second in the Communist Party hierarchy, who scorned privatization as almost as unacceptable as another party holding office.
Using official Chinese data, the state share of investment in 2010 was 38%, suggesting to some that the private share was 62%. False. What the PRC calls the private sector, plus wholly foreign-owned firms, generated only 24% of investment. The remainder is attributable to mixed ownership.
The vast majority of these mixed firms are designated as limited liability corporations. The term implies privatization, but the subcategories — wholly state-owned and non-wholly state-owned — indicate that the incorporation has not automatically ended state ownership.
Scissors points out SOEs enjoy some amazing advantages over truly private firms. In 2006, China's Cabinet identified sectors where the state must lead, a powerful guarantee. Included were power, telecom and aviation. And in practice, the state dominates many other sectors, including banking, railways and media.
There are other perks as well. SOEs have immediate call on land, while some private firms cannot buy at any price. SOEs receive state bank loans with no borrowing costs and possibly voluntary repayment. Party cadres routinely shuttle between government posts and SOEs, ensuring top-level political access. As it turns out, the largest firms receiving these benefits — e.g., Sinopec and Bank of China — are limited liability corporations. These are far better classified as state-owned than as private.
Profit data reported by SOEs are unreliable, but the money seems to be rolling in. China National Petroleum and China Mobile together claim profits greater than those of the top 500 private firms combined. State entities make 95% of investments in outside bonds. SOEs were pruned back before, and it could happen again. But it wouldn't be easy, because SOEs can now strongly oppose such a move.
Some SOEs have become gigantic. Top banks, telecoms and oil companies rank among the world's largest. They provide the government with much of its revenue, and generate massive employment — the explicit state share of urban employment is well over half. They are also run by high-level party cadres or their children. No wonder the foreign share of investment in China has plummeted. In most sectors, the Chinese market is only what's left after the SOEs take the bulk. Subsidies for SOEs are far larger barriers to American goods than the notorious currency peg.
Scissors points out the policy challenge facing Washington and Brussels is that China's overinvestment and underconsumption help cause bilateral imbalances. The PRC touts rebalancing in the new five-year plan, just as it has done since 2004. But matters have only worsened, and for a reason: rebalancing would undermine SOEs. The PRC overinvests to ensure that SOEs remain dominant, despite their inefficiency. To pay for that overinvestment, consumption is taxed through controlled interest rates and by suppressing competition. To rebalance, Beijing will have to curb SOEs. That would be in the interests of foreign investors. But it would be stridently opposed among China's ruling elite. For now, private-sector dominance of China's economy is a fiction.
China now tries to dominate the Fourth Reich(EU)market through Greece. Chinese officials love Premier Papandreou of Greece, who is also the President of Socialist International. Greek assets are now sold at bargain prices, because Greece will go for bankruptcy soon. China can easily buy most Greek assets. China has already bought the Port of Piraeus, a strategic investment for the transportation of Chinese goods to Fourth Reich.
Chinese can easily manipulate Graecokleptocrats with kickbacks! The impunity of the 300 Graecokleptocrats of the Grand Brothel on Syntagma Square is the most freakish thing on Earth. Even though they looted many billion euros in kickbacks and churning, not a single Graecokleptocrat has ever gone to jail! They are protected by the parliamentary immunity, and nobody can touch them, no matter what. Moreover, they have the nerve to jail dissident bloggers. It's a long way from the 300 Spartans of Leonidas! Allons enfants de la Grece!
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